Because the behavior of the human operators is unpredictable, system engineers do their best to automate as much as they can. However, the more reliable the automation, the less the human operator have opportunities to learn how to handle exceptions ( Bainsbridge, 1983 ). For example, inadequate crew knowledge of automated aviation systems featured as a factor in more than 40 per cent of accidents between 2001-2009 ( Abbott, 2010 ). The following chart from Zonnenshain & Harel (2013) depicts the human-machine trade-off dilemma:
Updated on 20 Dec 2016.